Gymnura
marmorata
(Cooper, 1864)
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Family:
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Gymnuridae
(Butterfly rays)
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Order:
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Rajiformes
(skates and rays)
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Class:
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Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
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In this site name:
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California butterfly ray |
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Max. size:
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100.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; Ref. 9255) |
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Environment: |
demersal; marine
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Climate: |
subtropical; 44°N - |
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Importance:
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fisheries: minor commercial |
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Resilience: |
Very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Fec assumed to be <10) |
Distribution:
http://www.ccfishery.net
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Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.
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Biology: |
Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).
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Red List Status: |
Data deficient (DD) (Ref. 57073)
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Dangerous:
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venomous
, Halstead, B.W., P.S. Auerbach and D.R. Campbell. 1990
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Coordinator: |
McEachran, John
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